Attempting the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) in Entrance Exam | |
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Saturday, October 11, 2008
Attempting the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) in Entrance Exam
Thursday, October 9, 2008
Let's solve these mcq
The true statement about hyperparathyroidism is?
A) Hypertension is common
B) Osteitis fibrosa may occur
C) Polyuria and polydipsia are seen
D) All
Ans: D) All
All of the following are seen in CONN’s syndrome, except?
A) Hypertension
B) Increased Sodium
C) Increased Renin activity
D) Decreased Potassium
Ans: C) Increased Renin activity
Antigenic variations are of epidemiological significance in ?
A) Leptospirosis
B) Influenza
C) S. typhi
D) All
Ans: B) Influenza
Which of the following posses RNA dependent DNA polymerase?
A) Papillomavirus
B) Polyoma virus
C) Retrovirus
D) Reovirus
Ans: C) Retrovirus
Spores are located terminally in which of the following?
A) Bacillus anthracis
B) Clostridium perfringens
C) Clostridium tetani
D) Bacteroides
Ans: C) Clostridium tetani
Which of the following is the correct statement about Pasteurization of milk?
A) 66 Degree C for 15 min
B) 66 Degree C for 30 min
C) 72 Degree C for 10 min
D) 125 Degree C for 15 sec
Ans: B) 66 Degree C for 30 min
The type of pelvis in which the transverse diameter is more than the antero-posterior diameter is?
A) gynaecoid
B) anthropoid
C) android
D) platypelloid
Ans: D) platypelloid
Commonest site of implantation of tubal pregnancy is?
A) ampulla
B) isthmus
C) influndibulum
D) interstitial part
Ans: A) Ampulla
Commmonest cause of death in carcinoma of cervix is ?
A) metastasis
B) operation
C) radiotherapy side effects
D) renal failure
Ans: D) renal failure
Duga’s test is used in diagnosis of ?
A) Anterior dislocation of hip
B) Posterior dislocation of hip
C) Anterior dislocation of shoulder
D) Posterior dislocation of shoulder
Ans: C) Anterior dislocation of shoulder
The reflex that never reappears is?
A) Grasp reflex
B) Glabellar tap reflex
C) Moro’s reflex
D) Snout reflex
Ans: C) Moro’s reflex
commonest cause of congenital hypothyroidism is ?
A) iodine deficiency
B) thyroid dysgenesis
C) dyshormonogenesis
D) maternal drug intake
Ans: D) thyroid dysgenesis
The age at which a child shows the presence of social smile is?
A) 4 weeks
B) 6 weeks
C) 8 weeks
D) 12 weeks
Ans: C) 8 weeksThe characterstic diagnostic lesion seen in kidneys in a patient suffering from Diabetes mellitus is?
A) Papillary necrosis
B) Focal glomerulosclerosis
C) Diffuse glomerulosclerosis
D) Nodular glomerulosclerosis
Ans: D) Nodular glomerulosclerosis
All of the following statements are true regarding polyarteritis nodosa, except?
A) Hypertension may be present
B) Affects medium & small sized arteries
C) Characteristically invovles pulmonary arteries
D) Mononeuritis multiplex
Ans: C) Characteristically invovles pulmonary arteries
All of the following drugs cause diffuse hepatocellular damage, except?
A) Methotrexate
B) Methyldopa
C) Tetracycline
D) Phenothiazines
Ans: D) Phenothiazines
Tuesday, October 7, 2008
MCI SCR - few Guidelines - by An Experienced CampaignerMCI SCR - few Guidelines
MCI SCR - few Guidelines
- by An Experienced Campaigner
The strategy for MCI SCR Preparation involves three vital questions
- What to do
- How to do that
- What NOT to do
Do you need to waste your time reading this article?
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle once said "It is easy to be wise AFTER the event". In other words,
Ä Knowledge is knowing how to do
Ä Experience is knowing how not to do
The percentage of people getting a seat in First attempt is very low 2 % but people getting in the Second attempt is more than 80 % (Community, Institute and In Service Quota excluded). This 2 % - 80 % is not only because one reads all the recommended books in one year. It is also because one learns the knack of the exam – the technique of what to do, how to do and what not to do after a year of attempting entrance exams!!
This following paragraphs are neither to teach you the basics of pharmacology or psychiatry nor are they to dwell with the nuances of Acid Base Balance of Indications of Jejunal Biopsy
This small article is intended to share with you the basics of attempting Objective Questions – something few of you may even know now but many of you will have to learn by yourselves if you attempt exams for one year. To put it in a nut shell you may gain one year in 15 minutes.
Do just three important things
The entire art of Preparation can be summed in three simple steps
1. 1st - Set a target – Decide your course
The first and foremost thing
2. 2nd - Reach it – Take the rank needed for it
This is the most important part
3. 3rd - Go and Join the course!!!!
The easiest of all
You can again repeat these 3 steps any time for any exams
Ä when you want to do super specialty
Ä when you appear for service examinations
Decide your Goals!
Hope you know the adage “Well begun is half done”. This first step, when properly executed will make your job much easier. So you have to sit down and make a clear plan about the exam (or exams) you plan to take. . Before proceeding further on the Indian Exams, I would strongly advise you to choose between Indian and Foreign exams at the first step itself and PLAN FOR ANY ONE. If you chase a single rabbit, you can hope to catch it. But if you chase two rabbits at the same time, it is certain that you are going to miss both. So decide about this step in the early part itself. You can prepare for two or more Indian exams, and get ranks in both, but to prepare for Andhra PG and PLAB at the same time or to prepare for AIIMS and USMLE at the same time is disaster.
If you are of the idea that you will initially attempt AIIMS twice for one year, your State PG for one more year and later will try for PLAB when you don’t get a rank in these, you are in serious trouble. Clearing PLAB can get easier, but with each passing day, getting a good job in a decent hospital in UK is becoming a nightmare. If you are planning to “fly”, you have to start immediately and be the early “bird”. Remember, the early bird gets the best catch.
Know about your Exam and Set a Target
All you need is the previous year’s prospectus and a chat with a college senior. When you have found answers to the above questions, you can decide about the vital question “HOW MUCH do you need to SCORE ?”
You now have an idea of how much you have to score. Now we move to the next part “How to reach it”
Reaching your Target
Have a look at the following proverbs
Ä "What is worth doing at all is worth doing well"
Ä "Fortune favours the brave"
Ä "Make hay when the sun shines"
Ä "Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today"
Having already set the target, it you now your turn to reach there. There are a lot of factors which decide your micro plan for cracking the exam, but the most important factor is time. Your plan will depend on How Much time you have when you start
Ä 1 year - Ideal – You are an opening batsman and you have lots of time
Ä 9 months - You can read slowly, but be extra cautious and don’t waste time
Ä 6 months - You have to go for a slog over attack
Ä 3 months – You have to forget cinema, cricket, TV Serials
Ä 1 month - the bare minimum time you need for revision
Ä <>
But remember that this is not a qualifying exam (where a mere pass is enough) but a competitive exam (where every mark counts) and if you are cricket lover, remember that You are batting second and “CHASING” your target. Also remember that after you have decided about the course of your choice (“Set” your target), It should not be “downregulated” For example, your original plan was joining MD (Paed) at ICH. Afterwards you think that MD (Paed) else where is enough. When you later become satisfied with DCH, I am afraid that you will land up in the Waiting list. But you are free and welcome to “upregulate” the target. When you aim for the stars, you will at least land in the moon. Before going into the details of the book you need to study, let us discuss few common questions
Should I practice with MCQs - YES
There are a few important points regarding preparation with MCQs.
DO
Take any MCQ book & Take a note book. Note the starting time in the note and then Work MCQs one by one without looking into the answers. After you have finished (at least 50) note the time. Correct your responses only with the Standard Text Book and never with the answers given in MCQ books.Write all the points in which you have gone wrong and the relevant points in the same note below or in the opposite side of the note (You have to refer these points again during your last week revision). Use the same note book for all your MCQs. Try to finish it in time
DON’T
Ä Never attempt MCQs before reading the subject at least once
o It is not needed that you have to read the biggest book from cover to cover, but you should have read the subject at least once – any book, even SARP or Refresher Series would do
Ä Never Write the points in bits of paper while solving the MCQs. Use a note book.
Ä Never mark the answers in the MCQ book itself. Write it in a separate note after looking the answer AND RELEVANT POINTS in Standard Text Books
Ä Never look into the answers given in the MCQ book
o Usually questions are not repeated – you will know only that question and answer if you look into the answer
o Same questions are not usually asked - Only relevant questions are asked
o This is a practical and MOST important point – You may have been misguided in this aspect by many.
o There is a chance of Printing errors when the book gives only the answer. Beware – Every question counts in an competitive exam and you may loose your seat by learning a wrong answer
I learned with "notes" during my undergraduate days. What to do now? YOUR CHOICE
You can still read your notes – if you had once taken notes regularly and neatly. But you can yourself decide – Work out MCQs and if you are able to score more than 80 % with notes – you can continue with your good old notes.
Group Study? YOUR CHOICE
Ä If you had earlier studied in groups during your undergraduate days – follow it.
Ä If you had studied alone during your undergraduate days – follow it
Ä If you used to read in Library during your undergraduate days – follow it
Ä If you used to read in your room during your undergraduate days – follow it
Ä If you used to read watching TV during your undergraduate days – follow it
Group Discussion? - YES
Ä A discussion of 2 hours a day will be enough initially. ( When you allot more than 2 hours the discussion will drift to extra curricular topics)
Ä In the last month, you can discuss upto 3 to 4 hours a day
Ä Choose a subject and then a topic and one person discuss it each day
Ä If the same group also works out MCQs, don’t do both in the same time
Ä First Discuss and then go to MCQs
Should I go to Cities and study in University Library? - No Need
Assumed Advantages by Reading in Cities
Ä Some people talk of a "trend" – There is nothing like that.
Ä In today’s era of Communication, there is no advantage in city life. All the notifications, current trends can be had from the internet.
Ä I Personally feel that this present trend is the same one which was 7 to 8 years ago for Entrance Exams after XII Standard – you will get medical and engineering seat only if you study in Cities – Now we know for sure that, that idea was absurd
Disadvantages in Cities
Ä Lodging – minimum Rs 500 per month
Ä Food – minimum Rs 1300 per month
Ä Other expenses – Rs 400 per month
Ä Water – Hope you are aware of the Water Scarcity in Cities.
Ä Travel & Phoning home – Even if you visit your home once a month – Rs 1000
Ä Totally you spend Rs 3000 per month ie Nearly 40,000 per year for no obvious benefit
Ä Note - Petrol Charges not included
Coaching Programs - YES
Ä There are a lot of coaching programs and you can enroll in any one of them. And after a long toil at this circuit what I could conclude was that as far as the papers ( ie notes / study materials/question papers / high yield points etc ) are concerned, in majority of cases, it is almost the same as SARP/ PARAS / Bhatia/ Salgunan / PG Plus/ Dharmendra Sharma Crash Course/ Mudit Khanna / Tapas-Arun Yadav/ Various Pretests etc
Ä The notes of the coaching program and the MCQ books are nearly equa but when you attend the "CLASSROOM" COACHING, it will be beneficial. In fact the only thing that seems as an advantage is the classroom coaching.
Ä So if you want any advantage, please don't look at the previous years "papers" - notes/test explanations - you are going to get those details from the books you normally refer.
Ä It is the class room coaching / lectures that you are spending your/your parents' hard earned Rs 20000 or 30000 in any coaching class
Ä So if you are joining make sure that you will be attending all the classes or you can very well read with the standard books.
Ä In South India, Kottayam is a good choice
What? How? What not to do Pre, Per and Post Exam
Ä Pre Exam – (Before the day of exam)
o Before 1 month
o During the last month
o During the last week
o During the last day
Ä Per Exam – (On the Exam day)
o Before you enter the hall
o In the hall
Ä Post Exam – (After the Exam day)
As you go through the following paragraph, you may come across certain facts which are Extra Academic and may appear insignificant or "childish" to you and you may like to skip those. I feel that advices regarding the MCQs are available freely every where and it is these "small things" that are taken for granted. Nevertheless, they are important and they are given here because I know at least one person who suffered because he/she didn’t do one of those "trivial" things.
What? How? What not to do 1 month before the exam
Ä Plan your time
Ä Read Daily. But if you are working and have a tight routine You can read more one day and less another day, but don’t skip a day
Ä Divide your time available for that day into 3 parts
o Read the Text books first
o Then read the notes
o And work out MCQs
Ä These three are to be done daily and it is better if different subjects are done for each
Ä What not to be done : Don’t allow a day to pass without reading at least one hour
Planning your time
Ä Keep the last 1 month for revision
Ä And you should spend a Minimum 20 hours a week, and If you can spend more than that it is well and good
Ä Calculate how much time in hours you now have at your disposal. You will be surprised to see that you have lots and lots of time, but when you start to allot it to your subjects that is not enough!!
What? How? What not to do during the last month before the exam
Ä If the exam centre is a different place, BOOK Your Tickets for your travel. Remember that you are not the only person appearing for this exam
Ä Start Revision
o Pharmac and Biochem should be revised 2 times and it is better if you start them first
o And topics like Embryology and Nerve Supply in Anatomy, Enzymes and Metabolism in Biochem, General Pharmacology, Culture Media in Micro, Growth and Development in Paediatrics, Fetal Skull and Diameters of Pelvis in OG, Values in SPM are to be studied again and again
o The list given is just to give you an idea about is not exhaustive. In short the topics that "you" easily forget are to be read more than once in the last month
Ä What not to be done : Don’t Read any new topics
Ä And I think that you are not a kid for us to advice you to Skip 3Cs Cricket, Cinema and Celebrations during this last month
What? How? What not to do during the last week before the exam
Extra Academic
Ä Decide where you are going to stay. Get those facts right now before one week.
Ä Check whether you have got your hall ticket. If not communicate to the concerned authorities. Read the details given in the hall ticket and the prospectus ONCE AGAIN.
Ä Does the exam need Pen or Pencil. Get 2 (or 3) pens ready. If the exam needs pencil, get 2 pencils, an eraser (which does not leave mark on the paper – check it now – not on the answer sheet) and a sharpener.
Ä Pack these and the hall ticket and anything you may need and (if you have a special dress for exams, as most people have - pack that too) now itself. Keep your journey (to and fro) ticket along with these.
Ä To search for all these just 1 hour before the start of the journey is not going to do your confidence any good. Don’t leave these vital things which (may appear insignificant now, but will occupy the whole of your mind , if not properly planned for and) may significantly affect your PERFORMANCE
Academic
Ä Take an old question paper of the exam you are going to attend Lock yourself inside a room. Try to complete the paper in the prescribed time Correct the paper with the Standard Text book and not with the key given in the MCQ book itself. Now concentrate on your MISTAKES. They are more important at this stage. You will now know your "Achilles heel". Don’t repeat it in the exam.
Don’t care about the answers you got right. You will get it right again in your exam !!
Ä What not to be done : Don’t waste your time to topics like “the question will be tough”, “the question will be easy!, “the question is out !!”, “he/she is not here - gone to get the question paper!!!”
Ä Listen to only Academic discussions…… If you are preparing with a group, it is better to get away from the group and become "solitary" in the final week. It may sound odd, but this is a practical problem and I have seen most aspirants getting depressed after hearing such kinds of news.
What ?, How ?, What not to do during the last day Before the exam
Take rest !! If you have traveled a long distance, try and get a good sleep. Revise those facts which you find hard to remember , especially the numeric values, investigations, syndromes, etc. Go to bed early
What not to be done : Don’t try to read more points by forgoing your sleep on this particular day In addition to you recent memory (which you will by reading the whole night) for a good performance you need certain other skills like remote memory, analytical skills, speed, decision making the next say. And to get all these at the zenith is to have a good sleep.
What ?, How ?, What not to do Before you enter the exam hall
Get to the exam centre early at least 1 ½ hours before the start of the exam.Check that your number is displayed in the notice board. Some times 2 schools / colleges with identical names (or a main school and the branch) will be centers and the Auto Rickshaw will take you to the other center - for example, Kendriya Vidyalaya or SBOA - I was once forced to see many a SBOA School in Chennai just before the start of the exam at the eleventh hour. Get out of the campus and wait outside. Check your purses/wallets and make sure that there are no bits of papers (which you might have kept long time back) inside that might create problems with a checking squad
What not to be done : Avoid reading at this time (Easier said than done). Don’t discuss any question. When some one asks you a question and if you can’t answer you may be depressed
What ?, How ?, What not to do Inside the exam hall
First Write your register number looking at it from the Hall ticket (and not from your memory - however good your memory is) and then shade accordingly
Then shade the Question Paper Code, if any. If there any other paper work do it. Read the instructions in the question paper / answer paper. What not to be done : Don’t leave the important details like register number question paper code blank and start with the questions right away. You may commit a mistake (which may be fatal) when you shade these things later "in a hurry".
Mark the answers in the Q.Paper as you read the questions. When you have completed a batch of 25 (or 50) quesitons transform the answers to the answer sheet
What not to be done : Don’t try to read the entire question paper once again and then mark the answers
What ?, How ?, What not to do Inside the exam hall for Clinical Questions
Read the question once clearly, without skipping any thing and then mark by the side the factors like age, sex, complaints, Symptoms – duration, Signs and Investigation and follow the SAME Approach you did in your Final Year Exams. In 90 % of the cases, you will arrive at an answer. But the conditions are an endless list and definitely will not be limited to Mitral Stenosis, Hemipleiga, VSD, Prolapse, CTEV, Ca Stomach, Anaemia Complicating Pregnancy !!! If you have followed the same procedure while preparation, you will find this method easy Any one with another method please informnellaimedicos@gmail.com
What not to be done : Don’t skip any part of the question by reading fast.
What ?, How ?, What not to do Inside the exam hall for Statistics Questions(PSM)
Write the details on the rough sheet and work systematically. If you know an alternate way of working that particular problem try that also and check whether the solutions tally. Any one with another method please informnellaimedicos@gmail.com
What not to be done : Don’t do mental calculations or try from you memory.
What ?, How ?, What not to do during the after the exam
Relax ! Try to recollect the questions. It is better if you do it as a group. Contibute the questions to any internet discussion group or mail tonellaimedicos@gmail.com
Work out the answers. Try to find out how much you might score. Wait for the result !!!
What not to be done : Don’t try argue over few questions that might be ambiguous
To Conclude
The lines you have read so far are not for advising you
They are to point out to you some facts
It is your life, your career and so it is your decision !!!
Mail in your comments to nellaimedicos@gmail.com
This "notes" were first prepared for Tamil Nadu Students. Nevertheless, there are lot of points that may be of benefit to all PG Aspirants. So you are requested to change certain minor details especially those regarding the text books to suit you if you find the list given not to your choice. And if you can read between the words and find out what I am trying to convey, you can be successful in any PG Medical Entrance Exam. Wishing you ALL THE BEST for YOUR PREPARATION…!!!
Saturday, July 19, 2008
Some MCQ's with explanations
1. Skin biopsy
2. Estimation of IgE levels in blood
3. Patch test
4. Intradermal prick test
Answer
3. Patch test
Reference
Rook Textbook of Dermatology Chapter 20
Quality
Reader
Status
Repeat
Discussion
In phytodermatitis, the pattern of dermatitis varies depending on the source. Typically, it involves the hands, forearms, face and genitals. Often it is acute and vesicular. Involvement of the eyelids is common. Sometimes, the hands only are involved, with fissuring and hyperkeratosis of the fingertips and subungual hyperkeratosis (as with tulip bulbs, garlic, etc.). At other times the dermatitis may be of a volatile pattern and may present as a light-aggravated or 'exposed site' dermatitis (as with Compositae dermatitis). The principal types of phytodermatitis are:
- irritant contact phytodermatitis-both chemical and physical
- allergic contact phytodermatitis-both immediate and delayed;
- phytophototoxic dermatitis;
- pseudophytophotodermatitis, for example Ranunculaceae;
- allergic contact phytodermatitis with secondary photo-sensitivity, for example Compositae, lichens, etc.
Explanation
The allergen may be localized anywhere in the plant, but usually the leaves are used for patch testing. Primin occurs in minute glandular hairs most closely set on the surface of small leaves A 1 cm piece of leaf can be used for patch testing, but false-negative reactions are common, and patch-test sensitization occurs in 0.8% of those tested. It is therefore preferable to test with a standardized extract of primin and Compositae.
Comments
Active sensitization is uncommon when such extracts are used. The risk of patch-test sensitization from plants other than Primula and poison ivy has not yet been systemically studied.
Tips
The condition is more common in men. Broad spectrum photoprotection and light avoidance are beneficial.
Barberio’s test is used to detect semen
074. Which of following tests is used to detect semen?
1. Phenolphthalein test
2. Reine’s test
3. Barberio’s test
4. Paraffin test
Answer
3. Barberio’s test
Reference
Parikh 6th Edition Page 7.26
Apoorva Nandy 1st Edition Page 128
Reddy 17th Edition Page 328
Quality
Reader
Status
Repeat
QTDF
All Books
Discussion
The tests used for Chemical Examination of seminal fluid are
Ä
Ä Barberio’s test (Barbario) : tests spermine in semen, with picric acid
Ä Acid Phosphatase test : Quantitative test
Ä Test for Creatine Phosphokinase : Levels of more than 400 units/ml
Ä Choline and Spermine Test
Ä Gel Electrophoresis test :
Ä LDM Isoenzyme Method
Ä Acid Phosphatase Isoenzyme Test
Ä Ammonium Molybdate Test (Phosphorus)
Ä Semen Specific Glycoprotein (P30 ) Test
Ä Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the SEMA® assay, for a seminal vesicle-specific antigen (SVSA)
Explanation
1. Phenolphthalein test (Kastle Meyer test), Benzedine test, Leucomalachite green test, Orthotolidine (Blue or green) test (Kohn and O’kelly test) and Luminal test are used to detec blood
2. Reine’s test ??? - Rinne's test compares the patients ability to hear a tone conducted via air and bone - the mastoid process.
3. Barberio’s test is to detect semen.
4. Paraffin test (also known as the dermal nitrate test) uses the reagent diphenylamine to detect gun powder
Comments
Basis of Berberio’s Test: Detection of Spermine
Procedure: A few drops of Berberio’s reagent when added to spermatic fluid produces crystals of sperm in picrate (needle shaped, rhombic & of yellow colour).
For various valid reasons, like non-specificity and lack of reproducibility, the
Tips
Semen consist of the following
1. Spermatozoa (10%)
2. Seminal Plasma (90%)
3. Epithelial Cell (<>
Scab or Crust of abrasion appears brown Between 2-3 days
073. Scab or Crust of abrasion appears brown:
1. Between 12-24 hours
2. Between 2-3 days
3. Between 4-5 days
4. Between 5-7 days
Answer
2. Between 2-3 days
Reference
Parikh 6th Edition Page 4.3
Apoorva Nandy 1st Edition Page 213
Reddy 17th Edition Page 138
Quality
Reader
Status
Repeat
QTDF
All Books
Discussion
From abrasions, the time of assault can be roughly assessed
Ä When fresh, an abrasion is red with evidence of oozing of serum and a little blood. There is no scab
Ä By 8 to 24 hours, there is a reddish scab formation
Ä By 2nd and 3rd day, the scab is reddish brown
Ä By 4th and 5th Day, it is dark brown
Ä By 6th Day, it is blackish and it starts falling off from the margins. Epithelium grows underneath the scab
Ä After 7 Days, Scab dries, shrinks and falls off.
Ä By A big scab may take a few more days to fall off
Explanation
Self Explanatory
Comments
Except Apoorva Nandy, the other books do not talk about the 4th and 5th Day evolution of scab
Tips
Difference between antemortem and post mortem abrasion
| Trait | Antemortem abrasion | Post mortem abrasion |
| Site | Anywhere on the body | Usually over bony prominences |
| Colour | Bright reddish brown | Yellowish, translucent and parchment like |
| Exudation | More; scab slightly raised | Less; Scab often lies slightly below the level of the skin |
| Microscopic feature | Intravital reaction and congestion seen | No intravital reaction and no congestion |
Medical qualifications awarded by institutions out side India and recognized by MCI are registered in
072. Medical qualifications awarded by institutions out side
1. First schedule of Indian Medical Council Act 1956
2. Second schedule of Indian Medical Council Act 1956
3. Part I of third schedule of Indian Medical Council Act 1956
4. Part II of third schedule of Indian Medical Council Act 1956
Answer
4. Part II of third schedule of Indian Medical Council Act 1956
Reference
Parikh 6th Edition Page 1.24
Apoorva Nandy 1st Edition Page 18
Reddy 17th Edition Page 21
Quality
Reader
Status
Repeat
QTDF
All Books
Discussion
The Indian Medical Council maintains three schedules.
Ä The first schedule contains the list of different medical degrees offered by different Universities or Institutions inside
Ä The Second Schedule contains the list of medical degrees conferred outside
Ä The Third Schedule has two parts
o Part A of the third schedule contains the list of medical qualifications conferred by
o Part B of the third schedule includes the list of standard medical qualifications of foreign countries which are recognized when Indian citizens possess the qualifications
Explanation
Self Explanatory
Comments
If an Indian national obtains a foreign qualification which is not included in part II of THrid Schedule, he can apply to the Central government. The candidate is required to provide full information with regard to the course of study, syllabus, and duration of course etc. This is forwarded to IMC which has authority to enter into negotiations with any of the medical councils of the foreign countries and can recognize such foreign qualifications on reciprocal basis. The Central Government, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, amend the part II of the Third Schedule so as to include such qualification there in
Tips
Dr.B.C.Roy was the first Indian to be the president of MCI in 1939. Hope you all know about B.C.Roy. His birthday July 1st is being observed as Doctors Day
Spalding’s sign occurs after Death of foetus in uterus
071. Spalding’s sign occurs after:
1. Birth of live foetus
2. Death of foetus in uterus
3. Rigor mortis of infant
4. Cadaveric spasm
Answer
2. Death of foetus in uterus
Reference
Parikh 6th Edition Page 2.36, 5.75
Apoorva Nandy 1st Edition Page 422
Reddy 17th Edition Page 341
Quality
Reader
Status
Repeat
QTDF
All Books
Discussion
In intrauterine maceration, the skull vault bones may partly overlap each other. This is called as Spalding’s sign and is also detectable by X Ray examination before the birth of the dead fetus
Explanation
Self Explanatory
Comments
Maceration is a process of aseptic autolysis of a fetus dead in utero. It occurs when the dead fetus remains in the utero for 3 to 4 days surrounded by liquor amnii but with exclusion of air. It does not occur if the dead fetus is born within 24 hours. It is characterized by softening and degeneration of tissues. The process is aseptic because the fetus being enclosed in the membranes is in a sterile condition.
Tips
Mummification results when death of a fetus occurs from deficient supply of blood or when liquor amnii is scanty and when no air has entered the uterus. In this condition the fetus is dried up and shriveled.
Finger Print Bureau was first established in Writer's Building at Calcutta in the year 1897
070. Finger Print Bureau was first established in:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer
3.
Reference
Parikh 6th Edition Page 2.15
Apoorva Nandy 1st Edition Page 92
Reddy 17th Edition Page 67
Quality
Reader
Status
New
QTDF
General Knowledge. A passing mention is given in textbooks. And this fact is NOT mentioned in Western Textbooks (please see below)
Discussion
The idea that fingerprints as a means of identification was first given by Sir Wiliam Herschelle, Distt. Magistrate of Hooghly District of Bengal province in 1858. Later Dr. Henry Faults gave the idea of tracing a criminal from the latent prints found at the scene of crime and came to the conclusion that no two fingerprints are alike. Based on the idea of Herschelle and Faults, Sir Francis Galton, the renowned English Scientist established scientifically the basic principles of uniqueness and permanency in fingerprints.
Explanation
It was then that Sir Edward Richard Henry, the IGP,
Comments
Key Dates in the History of Fingerprinting
Ä The distinctive nature of fingerprints has been known for centuries.
Ä The ancient Babylonians used fingerprint impressions to record business transactions and fingerprints were used on Chinese documents more than a thousand years ago. The scientific use of fingerprints to solve crime, however, started little more than a hundred years ago.
Ä 1858 Sir William Herschel, a British Administrator in
Ä 1880 Dr Henry Faulds, a doctor working in
Ä 1892 Juan Vucetich, a police officer in Argentina, makes the first fingerprint identification from a crime scene, and opens the first fingerprint bureau in the world.
Ä 1892 English scientist Sir Francis Galton publishes an accurate and in-depth study of the fingerprint science, including an attempt at a system of fingerprint classification for large collections of fingerprints.
Ä 1897 Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of Police in Bengal and later Commissioner of London's Metropolitan Police, with the assistance of two Bengali Police Officers, devises a simplified fingerprint classification system for police use and introduces it in India. The Henry system is the basis of most fingerprint systems in the English-speaking world.
Ä 1901 The Fingerprint Bureau is formed at New Scotland Yard.
Ä 1902 In
Ä 1903 NSW establishes the first State fingerprint bureau, followed by Victoria (1903), Queensland and South Australia (1904), Tasmania (1912), Western Australia (1928), the Northern Territory (1957) and the ACT (1967). In 1980 the Australian Federal Police incorporate the ACT fingerprint bureau.
Ä 1941 The NSW Fingerprint Bureau becomes the Central Fingerprint Bureau of Australia, a jointly-funded national fingerprint support service.
Ä 1957 The chemical Ninhydrin is used for the first time to develop fingerprints left on paper.
Ä 1986 The Central Fingerprint Bureau of
Ä 2001 Establishment of the new National Automated Fingerprint Identification System. The system commences operations with 2.4 million 'ten print' records, covering 24 million individual fingerprints and 4.8 million palm prints, and 180,000 latent prints from unsolved crime scenes.
Tips
It is disheartening to note that almost all the western source do not mention the name of the two Bengali Officers, nor do they mention that the first bureau was established in India. Western Bias ??!!
Isotretinoin - Multiple nodular, cystic, pustular and comadonic lesions on face, upper back and shoulders for 2 years.
068. A 24-year-old unmarried woman has multiple nodular, cystic, pustular and comadonic lesions on face, upper back and shoulders for 2 years. The drug of choice for her treatment would be:
1. Acitretin
2. Isotretinoin
3. Doxycycline
4. Azithromycin
Answer
2. Isotretinoin
Reference
Katzung 9th Edition Page 1024
Quality
Reader
Status
Repeat
Discussion
Treatment of acne vulgaris is directed toward elimination of comedones by normalization of follicular keratinization, decreasing sebaceous gland activity, decreasing the population of lipophilic bacteria and yeast, and decreasing inflammation. Acne vulgaris may be treated with either local or systemic medications. Minimal to moderate, pauci-inflammatory disease may respond adequately to local therapy alone. Although areas affected with acne should be kept clean, there is little evidence to suggest that removal of surface oils plays an important role in therapy. Overly vigorous scrubbing may aggravate acne due to mechanical rupture of comedones. Topical agents such as retinoic acid, benzoyl peroxide, or salicylic acid may alter the pattern of epidermal desquamation, preventing the formation of comedones and aiding in the resolution of preexisting cysts. Topical antibacterial agents such as benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, topical erythromycin (with or without zinc), clindamycin, or tetracycline are also useful adjuncts to therapy.
Patients with moderate to severe acne with a prominent inflammatory component will benefit from the addition of systemic therapy. Oral tetracyclines or erythromycin in doses of 250 to 1000 mg/d will decrease follicular colonization with some of the lipophilic organisms. They also appear to have an anti-inflammatory effect independent of their antibacterial effect. Female patients who do not respond to oral antibiotics may benefit from hormonal therapy. Women placed on oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate have demonstrated improvement in their acne when compared to a placebo control.
Explanation
Severe nodulocystic acne not responsive to oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy, or topical therapy may be treated with the synthetic retinoid isotretinoin.
Comments
Isotretinoin is used at doses of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg as a single daily dose for 15 to 20 weeks.
Tips
The use of this drug is limited by its teratogenicity, and female patients must be screened for pregnancy prior to initiating therapy, maintain a method of birth control during therapy, and be screened for pregnancy during treatment. Patients receiving this medication develop extremely dry skin and cheilitis and must be followed for development of hypertriglyceridemia.
Slit lamp examination of eye
067. A patient had seven irregular hyperpigmented macules on the trunk and multiple small hyperpigmented macules in the axillae and groins since early childhood. There were no other skin lesions. Which is the most likely investigation to support the diagnosis?
1. Slit lamp examination of eye
2. Measurement of intraocular tension
3. Examination of fundus
4. Retinal artery angiography
Answer
1. Slit lamp examination of eye
Reference
Quality
Thinker
Status
New
Discussion
It is easy to arrive at an diagnosis. Axillary hyperpigmentations point to Neurofibromatosis. To confirm the diagnosis, we have to look for the Lisch nodules.
Explanation
1. Slit lamp examination of eye is done to diagnose Lisch nodules of Iris
2. Measurement of intraocular tension is also needed in Neurofibromatosis to rule out Congenital Glaucoma (often associated with the disease) but is not the most likely investigation to support the diagnosis
3. Examination of fundus is also done, but not for supporting the diagnosis
4. Retinal artery angiography will not help in supporting the diagnosis
Comments
Ocular manifestations of neurofibromatosis include
- Plexiform tumours of lids with Ptosis
- Thickened corneal nerves
- Pulsating proptosis (due to transmitted cerebral pulsations through the defects in the orbital walls)
- Glioma of optic nerve
- Congenital Glaucoma
Tips
Mutation of the NF1 gene on chromosome 17 causes von Recklinghausen's disease. The NF1 gene is a tumor suppressor gene; it encodes a protein, neurofibromin, which modulates signal transduction through the ras GTPase pathway. Patients with NF1 are at increased risk of developing nervous system neoplasms, including plexiform neurofibromas, optic gliomas, ependymomas, meningiomas, astrocytomas, and pheochromocytomas. Neurofibromas may undergo secondary malignant degeneration and become sarcomas.
Transplantation of Human Organs Act - 1994
061. In which of the following year the Transplantation of Human Organs Act was passed by Government of India?
1. 1994
2. 1996
3. 2000
4. 2002
Answer
1. 1994
Reference
The Act itself
Quality
Legal / General Knowledgge
Status
New
QTDF
Legal Books
Discussion
THE TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN ORGANS ACT, 1994
(Central Act 42 0f 1994)
Ä Bill No. LIX-F of 1992
Ä THE TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN ORGANS BILL, 1994
Ä As Passed by the Houses of Parliament
o Rajya Sabha on
o Lok Sabha on
Ä Amendments made by the Lok Sabha
o Agreed to by the Rajya Sabha on
Ä Assented to on
Explanation
Self Explanatory
Comments
This fact is also given in our text books. So this is not exactly “out of syllabus”
Tips
Legal Information is also available with our affiliate sites like www.mcqsonline.com www.nellaimedicos.com and www.penandscale.com
Premium of the “Community based Universal Health Insurance Scheme” launched during 2003-04 - Rs.1 per day poor and individual to Rs.2 per day for a fa
060. The premium of the “Community based Universal Health Insurance Scheme” launched during 2003-04 ranges from
1. Rs.1 per day poor and individual to Rs.2 per day for a family of seven
2. Rs.1 per day poor and individual to Rs.3 per day for a family of seven
3. Rs.2 per day poor and individual to Rs.2 per day for a family of seven
4. Rs.1 per day poor and individual to Rs.7 per day for a family of seven
Answer
1. Rs.1 per day poor and individual to Rs.2 per day for a family of seven
Reference
http://www.niacl.com/social-universal.html
The New
Quality
Reader
Status
New
QTDF
???
Discussion and Explanation
Salient features of the Universal Health Insurance Scheme are given below
Benefits
Ä Medical Reimbursement
o The policy provides reimbursement of hospitalisation expenses upto Rs.30,000/- to an individual /family subject to the following sublimits:
o (i) Room, Boarding expenses upto Rs.150/- per day
o (ii) If admitted in ICU upto Rs.300/- per day
o Surgeon, Anaesthetist, Consultant, specialists fees, Nursing expenses upto Rs.4,500/- per illness/ injury
o Anaesthesia, Blood, Oxygen, OT charges, Medicines, Diagnostic material & X-Ray, Dialysis, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Cost of pacemaker, Artificial limb, etc upto Rs. 4,500/- per illness/ injury
o Total expenses incurred for any one illness upto Rs. 15,000/-
Ä Personal Accident Cover
o Coverage for Death of the Earning Head of the family (as named in the schedule) due to accident: Rs. 25,000/-.
Ä Disability Cover
o If the earning head of the family is hospitalized due to an accident / illness a compensation of Rs.50/- per day will be paid per day of hospitalization up to a maximum of 15 days after a waiting period of 3 days.
Ä For purpose of this policy HOSPITAL means:
o Any Hospital/ Nursing home registered with the local authorities and under the supervision of a registered and qualified Medical practitioner.
o Hospital/ Nursing Home run by Government.
o Enlisted hospitals run by NGOS / Trusts / selected private hospitals with fixed schedule of charges.
o It should have minimum 15 beds (10 in case of class 'C' cities having a population lest than 5 lakhs) with fully equipped OT, fully qualified nursing staff round the clock and fully qualified doctor should be in charge round the clock.
o Hospitalization should be for a minimum period of 24 hrs. However this time limit is not applied to some specific treatments and also where due to technological advancement hospitalization for 24 hrs may not be required.
Ä For an individual
o Rs. 1.00 per day
o Rs. 365/- per annum
Ä For a family upto 5 (including the first3 children)
o Rs. 1.00 per day
o Rs. 548/- per annum
Ä For a family upto 7 (including the first 3 children and dependent parents)
o Rs. 2.00 per day
o Rs. 730/- per annum
Premium Subsidy For BPL Families
Ä For families below the poverty line the Government will provide a premium subsidy of Rs.100/- per family.
Main Exclusions
Ä All pre-existing diseases.
Ä All diseases contracted during the first 30 days from the Commencement date of the policy Provided that in the opinion of the panel doctor/s the insured person could not have known about the existence of disease or its symptoms at the time of making the proposal AND had not taken any consultation, treatment for the disease prior to taking the insurance.
Ä Some of the diseases such as Cataract, Benign Prismatic Hypertrophy, Hysterectomy, hernia, Hydrocele, Fistula in anus, piles, sinusitis, Congenital internal disease are not covered in the first year of the policy.
Ä Corrective, cosmetic or aesthetic dental surgery or treatment.
Ä Cost of spectacles, contact lens and hearing aid.
Ä Vaccination, inoculation, change of life or cosmetic treatment or surgery HIV, AIDS, Sterility, Venereal Disease, Intentional Self injury, use of Intoxicating Drugs/ Alcohol.
Ä Primarily diagnostic expenses not related to sickness/ injury.
Ä Treatment for Pregnancy, Childbirth, Miscarriage, abortion etc.
Ä Claim settlement to be done through TPAS mentioned in the schedule or by the insurance company. To be made cashless as far as possible through listed hospitals.
Ä Any One Illness
o Will be deemed to mean continuous period of illness and it includes relapse within 60 days from the date of last consultation with the hospital.
Ä Age Limitations
o This Policy covers people between the age of 3 months to 65 years.
Ä Family
o Means earning head, spouse and up to maximum of three dependent children. Dependent parents can also be included.
Ä Floater Basis
o The benefit of family will operate on floater basis i.e. the total reimbursement of Rs.30,000/- can be availed of individually or collectively by members of the family.
Comments
Policy details given are indicative, not exhaustive. Please contact your nearest NIA office (www.niacl.com) for further details.
Tips
This scheme is also being offered by Oriental Insurance Company Ltd http://orientalinsurance.nic.in/