Mnemonics

Surgery Mnemonics

Sarcomas in which Lymphatic Metastasis is seen -
can be remembered by the mnemonic RACE For MS

R: Rhabdomyosarcoma
A: Angiosarcoma
C: Clear cell sarcoma
E: Epithelial cell sarcoma

For: Fibrosarcoma

M: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
S: Synovial cell sarcoma

The association of BRCA-1 Gene (Breast Cancer Gene) with other malignancies can be remembered by the mnemonic - OCP

O = Ovarian cancer
C = Colo-rectal cancer
P = Prostate cancer 

Note: OCP -> Oral Contraceptive Pills

The Okuda Staging System for Hepatocellular carcinoma can be remembered by the mnemonic - BATS or STAB

B = Bilirubin (Serum Total Bilirubin)
[if < dl =" 0"> 3 mg/dl = 1 pts]
A = Ascites
[if absent = 0 pts, if present = 1 pts]
T = Tumor Size
[if <> 50% = 1 pts]
S = Serum Albumin
[if > 3 mg/dl = 0 pts, if < 3 mg/dl = 1 pts]

Total Score = Add the points
Stage - Pts
Stage 1 = 0 pts
Stage 2 = 1 or 2 pts
Stage 3 = 3 or 4 pts

Gall Bladder Diseases

Gall Bladder Diseases include -

- Congenital Anomalies
- Traumatic (Perforation)
- Inflammatory / Infective
- Cholecystitis ( Acute / Chronic, Calculous / Acalculous)
- Typhoid Gall Bladder
- Neoplastic
- Benign (Cholecystoses, GB Polyps)
- Malignant (Gall Bladder Cancer)

Plain X - Ray Abdomen in Gall Bladder Diseases

An easy was to remember findings is -
1. Gas
2. Opacity
3. Gas in Opacity

1. Gas -
- Outside Gall Bladder (Perforation of Gall Bladder)
- In Wall of Gall Bladder (Emphysematous Cholecystitis)
- Within Gallbladder lumen (also Known as Pneumobilia)
(seen in Cholecystenteric fistula, Post ERCP)

2. Opacity -
- Outside Gall Bladder (Gallstone ileus)
- In Wall of Gall bladder (Calcified Gallbladder)
- In lumen (Limey bile, Gall Stones, Calcification in Tumor)

3. Gas in Opacity - Mercedez Benz Sign / Seagull's Sign

4 A's of Gastric Cancer
4 A's of Gastric Cancer -
1. Anorexia
2. Anaemia
3. Asthesia
4. Blood Group A

Clinical Features of Gastric Cancer
The presentations of Gastric Cancer be remembered by the mnemonic -
LIONS
or
Silent LOIN
or
Silent LION

L = Lump
I = Insidious onset features
O = Obstructive features
N = New onset dyspepsia
S = Silent presentation (with no complaints but features of metastatic disease such as left supraclavicular lymph node) 

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

Clinical Triad of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
can be remembered by the mnemonic PIG
P = Peptic Ulcer Disease
I = Islet cell tumor of non-beta cells
G = Gastric acid Hypersection

Types of Imperforate Anus
Imperforate Anus, depending upon the LEVEL OF TERMINATION OF BOWEL, is classified into Low-Type & High-Type.

A. Low-Type - LEVEL OF TERMINATION OF BOWEL is Below Pelvic Floor

B. High-Type Imperforate Anus - LEVEL OF TERMINATION OF BOWEL is Above Pelvic Floor

Low-Type Imperforate Anus - has following subtypes that can be remembered by the mnemonicCMEs.
[Note: CME usually stands for Continued Medical Education]
C = Covered Anus
M = Membranous Stenosis
E = Ectopic Anus
S = Stenosed Anus

High-Type Imperforate Anus - has following subtypes that can be remembered by the mnemonicCAR.
C = Cloaca
A = Anorectal Agenesis
R = Rectal Atresia

Types of Mesenteric Cysts
The different types of Mesenteric Cyst can be remembered by the mnemonic - CUTE

C = Chylolymphatic cyst (Commonest)
U = Urogenital remnant cyst
T = Teratomatous / Dermoid cyst
E = Enterogenous Cyst

Causes of Lymphoedema
Causes of lymphoedema: Can be remembered by the common scheme CTIN

1. C = Congenital
a. Aplasia or hypoplasia of lymphatics
b. dysmotility of lymphatics with or without valvular insufficiency

2. T = Traumatic
a. Surgical Trauma (Excision of lymph nodes)
b. Radiological Trauma (Radiotherapy to lymph nodes)
c. Other Trauma (e.g. degloving injuries)

3. I = Infective
a. Parasitic (Filarasis)
b. Fungal (Tinea pedis)

4. I = Inflammatory
a. Superficial thrombophlebitis
b. Deep venous thrombosis

5. N = Neoplastic
a. Primary lymphatic malignancy
b. Metastatic infiltration of lymph nodes

Miscellaneous causes - Exposure to forgein bodies (Silica Particles)

Indications for Liver Transplantation
Indications for liver transplanations can be remembered by the mnemonic - CAMP

C = Chronic Cirrhosis
A = Acute fulminant liver failure
M = Metabolic liver disease
P = Primary hepatic malignancy